Allegation of Research Misconduct

Research misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, citation manipulation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, and unethical research practices. Allegations may be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief by email, accompanied by supporting evidence.

The editor will handle each allegation confidentially, request an explanation from the authors, and follow the relevant COPE flowcharts. Where necessary, the case will be referred to the authors' institution. Outcomes may include no action, correction, expression of concern, or retraction.